Linear Algebra

AuxiliaryUnitMatrix (n)

Get the auxiliary unit matrix of size n. This is a square matrix matrix with that is all zero except the superdiagonal being all ones. It is the Jordan block matrix of one zero eigenvalue.

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information on Jordan Cannonical Form.

BilinearForm (v,A,w)

Evaluate (v,w) with respect to the bilinear form given by the matrix A.

BilinearFormFunction (A)

Return a function that evaluates two vectors with respect to the bilinear form given by A.

CharacteristicPolynomial (M)

Aliases: CharPoly

Get the characteristic polynomial as a vector. That is, return the coefficients of the polynomial starting with the constant term. This is the polynomial defined by det(M-xI). The roots of this polynomial are the eigenvalues of M. See also CharacteristicPolynomialFunction.

See Planetmath for more information.

CharacteristicPolynomialFunction (M)

Get the characteristic polynomial as a function. This is the polynomial defined by det(M-xI). The roots of this polynomial are the eigenvalues of M. See also CharacteristicPolynomial.

See Planetmath for more information.

ColumnSpace (M)

Get a basis matrix for the columnspace of a matrix. That is, return a matrix whose columns are the basis for the column space of M. That is the space spanned by the columns of M.

CommutationMatrix (m, n)

Return the commutation matrix K(m,n) which is the unique m*n by m*n matrix such that K(m,n) * MakeVector(A) = MakeVector(A.') for all m by n matrices A.

CompanionMatrix (p)

Companion matrix of a polynomial (as vector).

ConjugateTranspose (M)

Conjugate transpose of a matrix (adjoint). This is the same as the ' operator.

See Planetmath for more information.

Convolution (a,b)

Aliases: convol

Calculate convolution of two horizontal vectors.

ConvolutionVector (a,b)

Calculate convolution of two horizontal vectors. Return result as a vector and not added together.

CrossProduct (v,w)

CrossProduct of two vectors in R³ as a column vector.

DeterminantalDivisorsInteger (M)

Get the determinantal divisors of an integer matrix (not its characteristic).

DirectSum (M,N...)

Direct sum of matrices.

DirectSumMatrixVector (v)

Direct sum of a vector of matrices.

Eigenvalues (M)

Aliases: eig

Get the eigenvalues of a square matrix. Currently only works for matrices of size up to 4 by 4, or for triangular matrices (for which the eigenvalues are on the diagonal).

See Wikipedia or Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

Eigenvectors (M)

Eigenvectors (M, &eigenvalues)

Eigenvectors (M, &eigenvalues, &multiplicities)

Get the eigenvectors of a square matrix. Optionally get also the eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicities. Currently only works for matrices of size up to 2 by 2.

See Wikipedia or Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

GramSchmidt (v,B...)

Apply the Gram-Schmidt process (to the columns) with respect to inner product given by B. If B is not given then the standard Hermitian product is used. B can either be a sesquilinear function of two arguments or it can be a matrix giving a sesquilinear form. The vectors will be made orthonormal with respect to B.

See Planetmath for more information.

HankelMatrix (c,r)

Hankel matrix.

HilbertMatrix (n)

Hilbert matrix of order n.

See Planetmath for more information.

Image (T)

Get the image (columnspace) of a linear transform.

InfNorm (v)

Get the Inf Norm of a vector, sometimes called the sup norm or the max norm.

InvariantFactorsInteger (M)

Get the invariant factors of a square integer matrix (not its characteristic).

InverseHilbertMatrix (n)

Inverse Hilbert matrix of order n.

See Planetmath for more information.

IsHermitian (M)

Is a matrix Hermitian. That is, is it equal to its conjugate transpose.

See Planetmath for more information.

IsInSubspace (v,W)

Test if a vector is in a subspace.

IsInvertible (n)

Is a matrix (or number) invertible (Integer matrix is invertible iff it's invertible over the integers).

IsInvertibleField (n)

Is a matrix (or number) invertible over a field.

IsNormal (M)

Is M a normal matrix. That is, does M*M' == M'*M.

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

IsPositiveDefinite (M)

Is M a Hermitian positive definite matrix. That is if HermitianProduct(M*v,v) is always strictly positive for any vector v. M must be square and Hermitian to be positive definite. The check that is performed is that every principal submatrix has a non-negative determinant. (See HermitianProduct)

Note that some authors (for example Mathworld) do not require that M be Hermitian, and then the condition is on the real part of the inner product, but we do not take this view. If you wish to perform this check, just check the Hermitian part of the matrix M as follows: IsPositiveDefinite(M+M').

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

IsPositiveSemidefinite (M)

Is M a Hermitian positive semidefinite matrix. That is if HermitianProduct(M*v,v) is always non-negative for any vector v. M must be square and Hermitian to be positive semidefinite. The check that is performed is that every principal submatrix has a non-negative determinant. (See HermitianProduct)

Note that some authors do not require that M be Hermitian, and then the condition is on the real part of the inner product, but we do not take this view. If you wish to perform this check, just check the Hermitian part of the matrix M as follows: IsPositiveSemidefinite(M+M').

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

IsSkewHermitian (M)

Is a matrix skew-Hermitian. That is, is the conjugate transpose equal to negative of the matrix.

See Planetmath for more information.

IsUnitary (M)

Is a matrix unitary? That is, does M'*M and M*M' equal the identity.

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

JordanBlock (n,lambda)

Aliases: J

Get the Jordan block corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda with multiplicity n.

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

Kernel (T)

Get the kernel (nullspace) of a linear transform.

(See NullSpace)

LUDecomposition (A, L, U)

Get the LU decomposition of A and store the result in the L and U which should be references. It returns true if successful. For example suppose that A is a square matrix, then after running:

genius> LUDecomposition(A,&L,&U)

This is the LU decomposition of a matrix aka Crout and/or Cholesky reduction. (ISBN 0-201-11577-8 pp.99-103) The upper triangular matrix features a diagonal of values 1 (one). This is not Doolittle's Method which features the 1's diagonal on the lower matrix.

Not all matrices have LU decompositions, for example [0,1;1,0] does not and this function returns false in this case and sets L and U to null.

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

Minor (M,i,j)

Get the i-j minor of a matrix.

See Planetmath for more information.

NonPivotColumns (M)

Return the columns that are not the pivot columns of a matrix.

Norm (v,p...)

Aliases: norm

Get the p Norm (or 2 Norm if no p is supplied) of a vector.

NullSpace (T)

Get the nullspace of a matrix. That is the kernel of the linear mapping that the matrix represents. This is returned as a matrix whose column space is the nullspace of T.

See Planetmath for more information.

Nullity (M)

Aliases: nullity

Get the nullity of a matrix. That is, return the dimension of the nullspace; the dimension of the kernel of M.

See Planetmath for more information.

OrthogonalComplement (M)

Get the orthogonal complement of the columnspace.

PivotColumns (M)

Return pivot columns of a matrix, that is columns which have a leading 1 in row reduced form. Also returns the row where they occur.

Projection (v,W,B...)

Projection of vector v onto subspace W with respect to inner product given by B. If B is not given then the standard Hermitian product is used. B can either be a sesquilinear function of two arguments or it can be a matrix giving a sesquilinear form.

QRDecomposition (A, Q)

Get the QR decomposition of a square matrix A, returns the upper triangular matrix R and sets Q to the orthogonal (unitary) matrix. Q should be a reference or null if you don't want any return. For example:

genius> R = QRDecomposition(A,&Q)

See Planetmath or Mathworld for more information.

RayleighQuotient (A,x)

Return the Rayleigh quotient (also called the Rayleigh-Ritz quotient or ratio) of a matrix and a vector.

See Planetmath for more information.

RayleighQuotientIteration (A,x,epsilon,maxiter,vecref)

Find eigenvalues of A using the Rayleigh quotient iteration method. x is a guess at a eigenvector and could be random. It should have nonzero imaginary part if it will have any chance at finding complex eigenvalues. The code will run at most maxiter iterations and return null if we cannot get within an error of epsilon. vecref should either be null or a reference to a variable where the eigenvector should be stored.

See Planetmath for more information on Rayleigh quotient.

Rank (M)

Aliases: rank

Get the rank of a matrix.

See Planetmath for more information.

RosserMatrix ()

Rosser matrix, a classic symmetric eigenvalue test problem.

Rotation2D (angle)

Aliases: RotationMatrix

Return the matrix corresponding to rotation around origin in R².

Rotation3DX (angle)

Return the matrix corresponding to rotation around origin in R³ about the x-axis.

Rotation3DY (angle)

Return the matrix corresponding to rotation around origin in R³ about the y-axis.

Rotation3DZ (angle)

Return the matrix corresponding to rotation around origin in R³ about the z-axis.

RowSpace (M)

Get a basis matrix for the rowspace of a matrix.

SesquilinearForm (v,A,w)

Evaluate (v,w) with respect to the sesquilinear form given by the matrix A.

SesquilinearFormFunction (A)

Return a function that evaluates two vectors with respect to the sesquilinear form given by A.

SmithNormalFormField (A)

Smith Normal Form for fields (will end up with 1's on the diagonal).

SmithNormalFormInteger (M)

Smith Normal Form for square integer matrices (not its characteristic).

SolveLinearSystem (M,V,args...)

Solve linear system Mx=V, return solution V if there is a unique solution, null otherwise. Extra two reference parameters can optionally be used to get the reduced M and V.

ToeplitzMatrix (c, r...)

Return the Toeplitz matrix constructed given the first column c and (optionally) the first row r. If only the column c is given then it is conjugated and the nonconjugated version is used for the first row to give a Hermitian matrix (if the first element is real of course).

See Planetmath for more information.

Trace (M)

Aliases: trace

Calculate the trace of a matrix. That is the sum of the diagonal elements.

See Planetmath for more information.

Transpose (M)

Transpose of a matrix. This is the same as the .' operator.

See Planetmath for more information.

VandermondeMatrix (v)

Aliases: vander

Return the Vandermonde matrix.

VectorAngle (v,w,B...)

The angle of two vectors with respect to inner product given by B. If B is not given then the standard Hermitian product is used. B can either be a sesquilinear function of two arguments or it can be a matrix giving a sesquilinear form.

VectorSpaceDirectSum (M,N)

The direct sum of the vector spaces M and N.

VectorSubspaceIntersection (M,N)

Intersection of the subspaces given by M and N.

VectorSubspaceSum (M,N)

The sum of the vector spaces M and N, that is {w | w=m+n, m in M, n in N}.

adj (m)

Aliases: Adjugate

Get the classical adjoint (adjugate) of a matrix.

cref (M)

Aliases: CREF ColumnReducedEchelonForm

Compute the Column Reduced Echelon Form.

det (M)

Aliases: Determinant

Get the determinant of a matrix.

See Wikipedia or Planetmath for more information.

ref (M)

Aliases: REF RowEchelonForm

Get the row echelon form of a matrix. That is, apply gaussian elimination but not backaddition to M. The pivot rows are divided to make all pivots 1.

See Wikipedia or Planetmath for more information.

rref (M)

Aliases: RREF ReducedRowEchelonForm

Get the reduced row echelon form of a matrix. That is, apply gaussian elimination together with backaddition to M.

See Wikipedia or Planetmath for more information.